Introduction to Dimeric Cytokine Receptors Cytokine receptors regulate immune signaling and homeostasis by translating extracellular cytokine interactions into intracellular responses. They maintain immune equilibrium and serve as critical therapeutic targets in autoimmune diseases, cancer, and inflammation.Dimerization is essential for activation, occurring via: Preformed dimers (e.g., EpoR, TpoR), exist in an inactive state until ligand binding […]
CXCR5, or C-X-C Chemokine Receptor Type 5, is a G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) primarily known for its role in guiding B cells to lymphoid tissues and supporting immune responses within secondary lymphoid organs. CXCR5, which binds specifically to its ligand CXCL13, is essential for the formation of B-cell follicles, germinal center organization, and immune regulation. Its […]
IL-10Rα, or Interleukin-10 Receptor Alpha, is a crucial component of the IL-10 receptor complex, playing a significant role in immune regulation. This receptor binds to IL-10, an anti-inflammatory cytokine, and mediates its signaling through a series of downstream pathways that influence immune homeostasis and inflammatory responses. Primarily expressed on hematopoietic cells like monocytes, macrophages, and […]
Nectin-4 is a member of the Nectin family of cell adhesion molecules within the immunoglobulin superfamily. It is unique among Nectins due to its expression patterns and its roles in tumor biology. Nectins are known for their involvement in calcium-independent cell-cell adhesion through both homophilic (same molecule) and heterophilic (different molecules) interactions, contributing significantly to […]
CD4, or “Cluster of Differentiation 4,” is a glycoprotein expressed on CD4+ T cells and also found on the surface of other immune cells such as macrophages and dendritic cells. It is crucial for adaptive immunity, particularly in antigen recognition and immune response coordination. CD4 functions as a coreceptor with the T-cell receptor (TCR), binding […]
What is Nectin-4? Nectin-4, a homodimer, is overexpressed on various types of tumor cells including pancreatic cancers. It has been recently identified as a novel ligand of TIGIT and interaction between Nectin-4 and TIGIT inhibits NK cell cytotoxicity thus suppressing immune responses, allowing cancer cells to evade immune surveillance. Challenges of engineering conformationally stable bioactive […]
